Battle of Yorktown in the American Revolution

The Battle of Yorktown was the last major engagement of the American Revolution (1775-1783) and was fought September 28 to October 19, 1781.  Moving south from New York, a combined Franco-American army trapped Lieutenant General Lord Charles Cornwallis army against the York River in southern Virginia. After a brief siege, the British were compelled to surrender. The battle effectively ended large-scale fighting in North America and ultimately the Treaty of Paris which ended the conflict.   Armies Commanders American French General George WashingtonLieutenant General Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau8,800 Americans, 7,800 French British Lieutenant General Lord Charles Cornwallis7,500 men Allies Unite During the summer of 1781, General George Washingtons army was encamped in the Hudson Highlands where it could monitor the activities of  Lieutenant General Henry Clintons British army in New York City. On July 6, Washingtons men were joined by French troops led by Lieutenant General Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau.  These men had landed at Newport, RI before proceeding overland to New York. Washington initially intended to utilize the French forces in an attempt to liberate New York City, but met resistance from both his officers and Rochambeau. Instead, the French commander began to advocate for a strike against exposed British forces to the south. He supported this argument by stating that  Rear Admiral Comte de Grasse intended to bring his fleet north from the Caribbean and that there were easier targets along the coast. Fighting in Virginia During the first half of 1781, the British expanded their  operations in Virginia. This began with the arrival of a small force under Brigadier General Benedict Arnold  which landed at Portsmouth and later raided Richmond. In March, Arnolds command became part of a larger force overseen by Major General William Phillips. Moving inland, Phillips defeated a militia force at Blandford before burning warehouses in Petersburg.  To curb these activities, Washington dispatched the  Marquis de Lafayette  south to oversee resistance to the British. On May 20, the army of Lieutenant General  Lord Charles Cornwallis arrived in Petersburg. Having won a bloody victory at Guilford Court House, NC that spring, he had moved north into Virginia believing that the region would be easy to capture and receptive to British rule. After uniting with Phillips men and receiving reinforcements from New York, Cornwallis commenced raiding into the interior.  As the summer progressed Clinton ordered Cornwallis to move towards the coast and fortify a deep water port. Marching to Yorktown, Cornwallis men commenced building defenses while Lafayettes command observed from a safe distance.   Marching South In August, word arrived from Virginia that Cornwallis  army was encamped near Yorktown, VA. Recognizing that Cornwallis army was isolated, Washington and Rochambeau began discussing options for moving south. The decision to attempt a strike against Yorktown was made possible by the fact that de Grasse  would bring his French fleet north to support the operation and prevent Cornwallis from escaping by sea. Leaving a force to contain Clinton in New York City, Washington and Rochambeau began moving 4,000 French and 3,000 American troops south on August 19 (Map). Eager to maintain secrecy, Washington ordered a series of feints and sent false dispatches suggesting that an attack against New York City was imminent. Reaching Philadelphia in early September, Washington endured a brief crisis when some of his men refused to continue the march unless they were paid one months back wages in coin. This situation was remedied when Rochambeau loaned the American commander the needed gold coins. Pressing south, Washington and Rochambeau learned that de Grasse had arrived in the Chesapeake and landed troops to reinforce Lafayette. This done, French transports were sent north to ferry the combined Franco-American army down the bay.   Battle of the Chesapeake Having arrived in the Chesapeake, de Grasses ships assumed a blockading position. On September 5, a British fleet led by Rear Admiral Sir Thomas Graves arrived and engaged the French. In the resulting Battle of the Chesapeake, de Grasse succeeded leading the British away from the mouth of the bay. While the running battle that ensued was tactically inconclusive, de Grasse continued to draw the enemy away from Yorktown.   Disengaging on September 13, the French returned to the Chesapeake and resumed blockading Cornwallis army. Graves took his fleet back to New York to refit and prepare a larger relief expedition. Arriving at Williamsburg, Washington met with de Grasse aboard his flagship Ville de Paris on September 17. After securing the admirals promise to remain in the bay, Washington focused on concentrating his forces. Joining Forces With the Lafayette As troops from New York reached Williamsburg, VA, they joined with the forces of the Lafayette who had continued to shadow Cornwallis movements. With the army assembled, Washington and Rochambeau began the march to Yorktown on September 28. Arriving outside the town later that day, the two commanders deployed their forces with the Americans on the right and the French on the left. A mixed Franco-American force, led by the Comte de Choissey, was dispatched across the York River to oppose the British position on Gloucester Point. Working Towards Victory In Yorktown, Cornwallis held out hope that a promised relief force of 5,000 men would arrive from New York. Outnumbered more than 2-to-1, he ordered his men to abandon the outer works around the town and fall back to the main line of fortifications. This was later criticized as it would have taken the allies several weeks to reduce these positions by regular siege methods. On the night of October 5/6, the French and Americans began construction of the first siege line. By dawn, a 2,000-yard long trench opposed the southeast side of the British works. Two days later, Washington personally fired the first gun. For the next three days, French and American guns pounded the British lines around the clock. Feeling his position collapsing, Cornwallis wrote to Clinton on October 10 calling for aid. The British situation was made worse by a smallpox outbreak within the town. On the night of October 11, Washingtons men began work on a second parallel, just 250 yards from the British lines. Progress on this work was impeded by two British fortifications, Redoubts #9 and #10, which prevented the line from reaching the river. Attack in the Night The capture of these positions was assigned to General Count William Deux-Ponts and Lafayette. Extensively planning the operation, Washington directed the French to mount a diversionary strike against the Fusiliers Redoubt at the opposite end of the British works.  This would be followed by Deux-Ponts and Lafayettes assaults thirty minutes later.  To help increase the odds of success, Washington selected a moonless night and ordered that the effort be made using bayonets only.  No soldier was permitted to load their musket until the assaults had began. Tasking 400 French regulars with the mission of taking Redoubt #9, Deux-Ponts gave command of the assault to Lieutenant Colonel Wilhelm von Zweibrà ¼cken.  Lafayette gave leadership of the 400-man force for Redoubt #10 to Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Hamilton. On October 14, Washington directed all of the artillery in the area to concentrate their fire on the two redoubts.  Around 6:30 PM, the French commenced the diversionary effort against the Fusiliers Redoubt.  Moving forward as planned,  Zweibrà ¼ckens men had difficulty clearing the abatis at Redoubt #9. Finally hacking through it, they reached the parapet and pushed back the Hessian defenders with a volley of musket fire. As the French surged into the redoubt, the defenders surrendered after a brief fight.   Approaching Redoubt #10, Hamilton directed a force under Lieutenant Colonel John Laurens to circle to the rear of the enemy to cut off the line of retreat to Yorktown. Cutting through the abatis, Hamiltons men climbed through a ditch in front of the redoubt and forced their way over the wall.  Encountering heavy resistance, they ultimately overwhelmed and captured the garrison. Immediately after the redoubts were captured, American sappers began extending the siege lines. The Noose Tightens: With the enemy growing nearer, Cornwallis again wrote to Clinton for help and described his situation as very critical. As the bombardment continued, now from three sides, Cornwallis was pressured into launching an attack against the allied lines on October 15. Led by Lieutenant Colonel Robert Abercrombie, the attack succeeded in taking some prisoners and spiking six guns, but was unable to breakthrough. Forced back by French troops, the British withdrew. Though the raid had been moderately successful, the damage inflicted was quickly repaired and the bombardment of Yorktown continued. On October 16, Cornwallis shifted 1,000 men and his wounded to Gloucester Point with the goal of transferring his army across the river and breaking out to the north. As the boats returned to Yorktown, they were scattered by a storm. Out of ammunition for his guns and unable to shift his army, Cornwallis decided to open negotiations with Washington. At 9:00 AM on October 17, a single drummer mounted the British works as a lieutenant waved a white flag. At this signal, the French and American guns halted the bombardment and the British officer was blindfolded and taken into the allied lines to commence surrender negotiations. Aftermath Talks commenced at the nearby Moore House, with Laurens representing the Americans, the Marquis de Noailles the French, and Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Dundas and Major Alexander Ross representing Cornwallis. Through the course of the negotiations, Cornwallis attempted to obtain the same favorable terms of surrender that Major General John Burgoyne had received at Saratoga. This was refused by Washington who imposed the same harsh conditions that the British had demanded of Major General Benjamin Lincoln the year before at Charleston. With no other choice, Cornwallis complied and the final surrender documents were signed on October 19. At noon the French and American armies lined up to await the British surrender. Two hours later the British marched out with flags furled and their bands playing The World Turned Upside Down. Claiming he was ill, Cornwallis sent Brigadier General Charles OHara in his stead. Nearing the allied leadership, OHara attempted to surrender to Rochambeau but was instructed by the Frenchman to approach the Americans. As Cornwallis was not present, Washington directed OHara to surrender to Lincoln, who was now serving as his second-in-command. With the surrender complete, Cornwallis army was taken into custody rather than paroled. Shortly thereafter, Cornwallis was exchanged for Henry Laurens, the former President of the Continental Congress. The fighting at Yorktown cost the allies 88 killed and 301 wounded. British losses were higher and included 156 killed, 326 wounded. In addition, Cornwallis remaining 7,018 men were taken prisoner. The victory at Yorktown was the last major engagement of the American Revolution and effectively ended the conflict in the Americans favor.

The Exposure Of Disney And Grimm Tales Creating Insecurity

How To Raise an Insecure Child: The exposure of Disney and Grimm Tales Creating Insecurity in Children Girls during adolescence often start to feel insecure about their appearance or personality. They have developed the thought that they should appear a certain way or act a certain way so they can be attractive in society. The have stemmed this idea from the older generation, peers, television or books that only praise a certain type of beauty about and do not mention other types. Adolescent boys start to feel insecure about their appearance or personality. Boys who are taught this idea at a young age grow into men who can articulate emotions .The physical characteristics and mannerism that Disney have might send children the message that they might have to morph into a ‘perfect’ person or they may disrespect others that may not having a certain type feminine standards or standards of masculinity. Young girls who idolize Disney princesses may wish to emulate the appearance of â€Å"[skin] white as snow, [lips] as red as blood, and [hair] as black as the wood in this frame,† (Grimm 250). So they can be just like a princess. But having young girls trying to morph their bodies in a hard fitting frame of a princess will cause low self-esteem because they would not be able to fully reach their goal of being a ‘princess . In Spinning Straw into Gold, the author, Joan Gould, states that â€Å"Cinderella stepsisters would do almost anything to fit into what is beautiful to the point where

Robots vs. Humans free essay sample

Robots are increasingly becoming a part of our daily life. Whether it is within our phones with Siri, in our cars with GPS navigation and voice command, or in our homes with home automation systems, we are all using some form of arti? cial intelligence. Today we see iPads replacing waiters in restaurants to take orders, robots in factories assembling cars, and even robots ? lling our Amazon orders in warehouses. Although some believe that humans are impossible to replace, the change is slowly taking place. I believe that within less than 10 years, robots will have acquired a vast majority of the jobs worked today, and will expand to other frontiers. ! ! Robots will be utilized in many applications. They not only replace the actions of the humans, but also increase the speed and development of the products humans are producing. Not only are they cheaper than paying humans an hourly wage, but they also don’t have any other costs besides power, and occasional maintenance. We will write a custom essay sample on Robots vs. Humans or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When comparing the speed of the two, robots are also faster, and more reliable. For example, on any given day, a worker may be unable to come to work because of a family problem, however with robots, there will be no need to worry about whether someone will show up at work or not. In stores such as Costco, we already use forklifts to grab stuff from high shelves, soon those forklifts will not require a human effort to drive them. Lastly with robots, there is no need to give extra bene? ts, snacks, food, or  water. The only need for maintaining these robots would be to power them up every night, and regular check up, and maintenance. ! In only a couple years many of these changes will start to take effect. Google has  already been testing driverless cars for the blind, and soon for everyone. Many automakers are expecting to have a driverless car options available  starting in 2020. Another factor that plays a role in when robots will come in to society, is based on minimum wages. In 2017, minimum wages are expected to be at a minimum at $9. 00. With this factor, many corporations will begin to use robots in their menial jobs. Not only will they not have to not worry about wages, but also there is no need for health insurance, sick leaves, pension plans, etc. Estimated by 2020, many menial jobs are to be put out to place, and replaced by robots.! ! By 2020, a large percentage of the jobs will be taken over by robots created by humans. Restaurants are to be replaced with robots, and iPads for ordering. Landscapers can be replaced with arti? cial intelligence built into tractors. Window washers will be small robots jetting down the sides of large buildings, with no risk to human life. Teachers will be able to present lessons to childrens with different strategies according to how the kid learns best. Planes, already hosting autopilot, will have communication with all planes at every second creating an even safer ? ight. Surgeries will be done remotely by robots to ensure there is no possible sources of error. Bar tenders will turn into machines sitting at all barstools. Lastly, drivers, and taxis will no longer be needed for the use of driver-less cars. ! ! In conclusion, we can already see the changes taking place today in many sectors of production and within society. These numbers will only increase as time goes by, which will lead us to wonder whether robots will acquire the possibility to feel, to emote, or other applications. Today, with the knowledge we have about robots, we are still only able to see the tip of the iceberg. I believe that within 10 years, robots will perform a vast majority of the jobs worked today, along with many other applications we have not even imagined yet. This will be a new frontier.!